Trauma can be defined as the psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event (Westhuizen, 2019). The way in which people respond to such an event is variable and can present in many different ways. Trauma is an injury to the brain and psyche in that it disrupts our psychological well-being at a neurological level. Trauma is the invisible force that shapes our lives. It shapes the way we live, the way we love and the way we make sense of the world. It is the root of our deepest wounds (Mate’ ,2008). Different people who are exposed to the same event will not...

Stimulants are a class of drugs that act on the central nervous system, increasing alertness, energy, and attention while elevating mood. They achieve these effects by enhancing the activity of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.

Many stimulant-related hazards are linked to intensive, high-dose, or long-term usage. The mode of administration plays a significant moderating role; injecting stimulants and smoking crack cocaine or methamphetamine have been specifically associated with more problematic use behaviours. Even people who use stimulants sporadically or...