This refers to any chemical agent that alters mental processes, including cognition, mood, perception, or behavior. These substances act on the brain and central nervous system, producing effects that range from mild mood changes to profound alterations in consciousness and perception.
Psychoactive substances can be natural or synthetic and include both legal and illegal drugs, such as:
Stimulants (e.g., caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines)
Depressants (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines)
Opioids (e.g., morphine, heroin)
Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, psilocybin)
Cannabinoids (e.g., cannabis)
While not all psychoactive substances cause dependence, their use can influence mental health, decision-making, and social behavior. The term is often preferred in clinical and policy contexts because it is neutral and nonjudgmental, avoiding stigma associated with words like “drug” or “abuse.”
Sources: ProjectKnow; UNODC; HRB